Using Analog-to-Digital Converters to Increase the Efficiency of Digital Antenna Arrays

Abstract

Analog-to-digital converters of radio signals, which are based on the phenomenon of superconductivity and the Josephson effect, are proposed to use in order to increase the efficiency of digital antenna arrays. Digital beamforming systems were analysed. Application of the proposed approach was shown to promote processing signals directly at carrier frequencies in the SHF and EHF bands. This approach allows to exclude frequency mixers, local oscillators and intermediate frequency filters from a receiving module.

A parallel scheme with comparators on superconducting quantum interferometers is proposed for constructing a superconducting ADC. A digital Gray code is formed at the output of the ADC. The proposed scheme being utilizing, when the input signal increases, each comparator passes through several thresholds, and if Gray codes are applied, only one of the output bits changes between consecutive numbers. Therefore, Gray codes are less sensitive to errors that arise due to small differences in comparator’s thresholds. This promotes reduction of the bit error probability. As an outcome the performed analysis, it was shown that generators of single-quantum pulses on single Josephson junction with a hysteresis-free current-voltage characteristic can be used for constructing comparators, that provides obtaining a high time resolution.

The dependence of time resolution on Josephson junction parameters, namely dielectric thickness, relative dielectric permeability and critical current density, was investigated. The resolution was shown to be equal units — tenths of a ns, and this allows using such devices for signal processing at frequencies of several hundred GHz. The time resolution changes with changes in the critical current density of a Josephson junction and in the dielectric thickness and it is almost independent on the relative dielectric permittivity.

The sensitivity of the comparator on a single Josephson junction was evaluated. An analytical expression was obtained, it can be applied to estimate how parameters of the Josephson junction equivalent circuit, namely, electrostatic capacity, nonlinear conductivity, and critical current impact on the sensitivity of the comparator. The conducted studies showed that the sensitivity can be units of nA, which exceeds significantly the sensitivity of similar circuits based on semiconductors.