Automation of Control of Distributed Generation and Load of the Distribution Network in Case of Separation from the Power System

Abstract

This article discusses the topical issues of decentralization of energy systems, in particular in the context of Ukraine, which faces challenges in maintaining reliable power supply due to the war. Particular attention is focused on the use of the concept of an “energy island” to ensure the autonomy of energy supply in the event of possible emergencies or attacks on the infrastructure. The term “energy island” covers self-sufficient systems that can function autonomously from the main power grid, combining distributed energy sources (DES), including renewable energy sources, and consumers within microgrids. The text provides examples of countries that have already successfully implemented such an isolated power system and analyzes the potential benefits of introducing similar technologies in Ukraine. The article emphasizes the strategic importance of distributed generation (DG), which can operate independently of the centralized power system in crisis conditions. Based on the literature review and international experience, a structured concept of a microgrid based on distributed generators with autonomous control systems is proposed. The article describes technical features of automation systems that ensure the stable functioning of the microgrid in the conditions of disconnection from the main grid. In particular, the paper describes the requirements for automatic frequency and voltage regulators, reclosers that ensure a safe transition to the “energy island” mode, as well as generator monitoring and synchronization systems. The study is aimed at improving the reliability of the Ukrainian power system through the introduction of distributed energy sources and energy storage systems (ESS), which will increase the resilience of distribution networks to external influences. An important element of the study is the emphasis on the advantages of hydroelectric power plants, which can be easily started without an external power source, as they require minimal energy for auxiliary systems, so the report uses a hydroelectric power plant as an example, although the principles are generally relevant to other DES as well.